The figures underscore a persistent structural crisis in the country’s basic education sector, where traditional brick-and-mortar schooling models fail to accommodate families whose livelihoods depend on seasonal migration and rural labor.
Experts point to occupational mobility and climate-driven shifts in weather patterns as primary drivers of the exclusion. As environmental degradation and receding pastures force herders and farmers to move deeper into southern corridors, children are pulled from classrooms to support family survival.
The crisis is further compounded by what education specialists identify as the “child substitution syndrome”. Parents frequently withdraw older children to assist with cattle herding, fishing, or crop harvesting before enrolling younger siblings in their place.
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